Grado de adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea e ingesta de nutrientes durante las guardias de 24h del personal residente de medicina del Hospital Reina Sofía de Córdoba, España / Degree of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and nutrient intake duringthe 24-hour shifts of the resident medical staff at the Reina Sofia Hospital in Cordoba, Spain

Introducción: Diversos estudios sugieren que el personal sanitario, que realiza guardias de 24h y turnos de noche, sigue una alimentación poco saludable. Una situación que afecta directamente a su calidad de vida y que puede repercutir en la calidad de la atención a los pacientes. Objetivo: Valorar el grado de adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea y la adecuada ingesta de nutrientes de residentes de medicina del Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba que realizan guardias de 24h. Métodos: Estudio transversal con una muestra de 35 residentes de medicina. Se empleó una aplicación diseñada específicamente para el estudio (App eFoodDiary) para recoger información de dos cuestionarios de adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea y el registro diario de alimentos durante el día de guardia de 24h, el día anterior y posterior. Se aplicó el Modelo Lineal General Multivariante (MLGM) a las puntuaciones obtenidas por ambos test (PrediMed y MedLife) y un estudio de correlación entre las puntuaciones de ambos cuestionarios (curvas ROC). Para la valoración nutricional se realizó un estudio estadístico de los %IDR del día completo y por tomas a través del MLGM. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una adherencia baja a la Dieta Mediterránea de los participantes (71%). Respecto a la valoración nutricional, los resultados denotan una ingesta de energía inferior a la recomendada y una dieta poco equilibrada a nivel de nutrientes, resaltando una ingesta superior a la recomendada de proteínas y ácidos grasos saturados, y un déficit de ingesta de hierro entre las mujeres (p<0.001). Durante las guardias de 24h se observa una mayor ingesta de energía, carbohidratos, vitamina A y B6. Conclusión: El bajo porcentaje de personal residente de medicina que sigue una dieta saludable y adecuada a sus necesidades nutricionales, evidencia la importancia de incorporar programas que mejoren la alimentación de este colectivo.(AU)

ntroduction: Various studies suggest that health person-nel, who carryout 24-hour shifts and nightshifts, follow an un-healthy diet. A situation that directly affects their quality oflife and that can affect the quality of patientcare. Objective: To assess the degree of adherence to theMediterranean Diet and nutritional status of the medical residents of the Reina Sofia de Córdoba University Hospital whocarry out 24-hour shifts. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 35 med-ical residents. An application designed specifically for thestudy (App eFoodDiary) was used to collect information fromtwo questionnaires of adherence to the Mediterranean Dietand the daily food record of the day on duty, the previous andthe subsequent one. The Multivariate General Linear Model(MLGM) was applied to the scores obtained by both tests(PrediMed and MedLife) and a correlation study between thescores of both questionnaires (ROC curves). For the nutri-tional assessment, a statistical study of the% RDI of the fullday and by doses was carried out through the MLGM. Results: The results show a low adherence to the Medite -rranean Diet of the participants (71%). Regarding the nutri-tional assessment, the results denote an energy intake lowerthan recommended and a diet that is not very balanced interms of nutrients, highlighting an intake higher than the rec-ommended protein and saturated fatty acids, and a deficit ofiron intake among the women (p <0.001). During the 24-hourshifts, a higher intake of energy, carbohydrates, vitamin A andB6 is observed. Conclusion: The low percentage of medical residents whofollow a healthy diet appropriate to their nutritional needs,shows the importance of incorporating programs that improvethe diet of this group.(AU)

Platos olvidados o de consumo ocasional en la gastronomía española: Andalucía / Forgotten dishes or occasional consumption in Spanish gastronomy: Andalucía

La gastronomía andaluza tiene profundas huellas de la cocina árabe de al-Ándalus. Los productos de sus huertas, el jamón y las carnes de cerdo ibérico, el aceite de oliva, los pescados y los mariscos de sus costas enriquecen su patrimonio cultural gastronómico. Combina en sus recetas la cocina mediterránea con las profundas raíces de la herencia árabe, una perfecta fusión culinaria de productos de la tierra y el mar con los sabores más propios de esta comunidad. Los potajes de legumbres y verduras, los guisos de caza, las formas de preparar el pescado muestran la magia de esta cocina, así como postres de clara influencia Andalusí. (AU)

Andalusian gastronomy has deep traces of the Arabcuisine of al-Andalus. The products from its gardens, the Iberian ham and pork, the olive oil, the fish and thes hellfish from its coasts enrich its gastronomic cultural heritage.It combines Mediterranean cuisine with the deep roots of the Arab heritage in its recipes, a perfect culinary fusion of products from the land and the sea with the most typical flavors of this community. Legume and vegetable stews, game stews, the ways of preparing thefish show the magic of this cuisine, as well as desserts with a clear Andalusian influence. (AU)

Covid 19: Eating behavior changes related to individual and household factors during the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain

To analyze the influence of individual and household factors on eating behavior (EB) and other determinants related to eating during the home lockdown in the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: Online survey (April 17 to May 10, 2020) to collect sociodemographic information, health, and various EB attitudes. Statistical analysis of the factors: country, setting, sex, BMI classification, lockdown period, a household with children under 15 years, nutritional needs, age groups, type and size household, monthly income, and religion. Results: 1055 households participated. 75% have modified their eating habits, with differences due to being overweight or obese in the person surveyed (p <0.05). Changes in EB and other lifestyles are influenced by household structure (p <0.001) and the effects that the pandemic has had on the economy of families (p <0.001). Compared to those who do not have them, households with children tend to plan much more meals, spend more time eating, seek a healthier diet, increase the number of daily meals, and look more at labeling. In contrast, people who live alone have worsened the hourly routines of the main meals. Conclusions: Confinement has modified eating behavior differently depending on the individual and domestic factors analyzed(AU)

Analizar la influencia de factores individuales y del hogar sobre el comportamiento alimentario (CA), y otros determinantes relacionados con la alimentación, durante el confinamiento domiciliario en la pandemia por Covid-19. Método: Encuesta online (17 abril al 10 de mayo de 2020) para recopilar información sociodemográfica, de salud y diversas actitudes del CA. Análisis estadístico sobre los factores: país, ámbito, sexo, IMC, tiempo de confinamiento, hogar con menores de 15 años, necesidades nutricionales, grupos de edad, tipo y tamaño del hogar, ingresos y religión. Resultados: Participaron 1055 hogares. El 75% ha modificado sus hábitos alimentarios, con diferencias por sobrepeso u obesidad de la persona encuestada (p<0.05). Los cambios en el CA y otros estilos de vida están influenciados por la estructura del hogar (p<0.001) y los efectos que la pandemia ha tenido sobre la economía de las familias (p<0.001). Los hogares que tienen hijos/as, respecto a los que no los tienen, tienden a planificar mucho más las comidas, dedicar más tiempo a la alimentación, procuran una alimentación más saludable, incrementan el número de comidas diarias y miran más el etiquetado. Por el contrario, las personas que viven solas han empeorado las rutinas horarias de las principales comidas. Conclusiones: El confinamiento ha modificado de manera diferenciada el comportamiento alimentario en función de los factores individuales y domésticos analizados(AU)

Changes in the Organosulfur and Polyphenol Compound Profiles of Black and Fresh Onion during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion.

This study aims to determine the changes in, and bioaccessibility of, polyphenols and organosulfur compounds (OSCs) during the simulated gastrointestinal digestion of black onion, a novel product derived from fresh onion by a combination of heat and humidity treatment, and to compare it with its fresh counterpart. Fresh and black onions were subjected to in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and their polyphenol and OSC profiles were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Although to a lesser extent than in the fresh onion, the phenolic compounds in the black variety remained stable during the digestion process, presenting a higher bioaccessibility index (BI) with recovery corresponding to 41.1%, compared with that of fresh onion (23.5%). As for OSCs, apart from being more stable after the digestion process, with a BI of 83%, significantly higher quantities (21 times higher) were found in black onion than in fresh onion, suggesting that the black onion production process has a positive effect on the OSC content. Gallic acid, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and ɣ-glutamyl-S-(1-propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide were the most bioaccessible compounds in fresh onion, while isorhamnetin, quercetin-diglucoside, ɣ-glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and methionine sulfoxide were found in black onion. These results indicate that OSCs and polyphenols are more bioaccessible in black onion than in fresh onion, indicating a positive effect of the processing treatment.

Risk Assessment of Cd, Cu, and Pb from the consumption of hunted meat: red-legged partridge and wild rabbit.

The objective was to assess that potential health risk from Cd, Cu, and Pb, through the consumption of hunted red-legged partridge and wild rabbit meat, with special focus on the population of hunters and their relatives. Mineral content was analyzed by atomic absorption methods (F-AAS for Cu and GF-AAS for Cd and Pb) after microwave digestion of lyophilized samples. The average concentrations of these elements were 0.008 and 0.01 mg/kg for Cd; 1.41 and 1.63 mg/kg for Cu and 0.98 and 1.28 mg/kg for Pb in wild rabbit and red-legged partridge meat respectively. The dietary, risk assessment was performed by assuming two intake scenarios based on the obtained results of the survey on game meat consumption and the current maximum recommended intakes of Cd, Cu, and Pb, and then, the hazard quotients (THQ and TTHQ) were calculated. The data show that exposure to these metals from eating red-legged partridge and wild rabbit meat from a hunting provenance is relatively low and generally greater in the hunter population. The risk assessment revealed that moderate or low consumption of meat of these species does not offer a significant public health risk. Moreover, hazard quotients values for these metals of red-legged partridge and rabbit meat consumption in hunters and nonhunters are below 1. However, a high Pb content in the meat of these species and a high consumption may pose a greater health risk to hunters.

Waist Circumference as a Preventive Tool of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Obesity-Associated Cardiovascular Risk in Young Adults Males: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.

Although the correlation coefficient between body mass index (BMI) and poor lipid profile has been reported, representing a cardiovascular risk, the need to find new early detection markers is real. Waist circumference and markers of atherogenic dyslipidemia are not usually measured in medical review appointments. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between central adiposity and cardiovascular risk. This was a cross-sectional pilot study of 57 young males (age: 35.9 ± 10.85, BMI: 32.4 ± 6.08) recruited from community settings and allocated to non-obese or obese attending to their waist circumference. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were measured from plasma samples. Patients with at least 100 cm of waist circumference had significantly increased TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-C. The three atherogenic ratios TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and TG/HDL-C were all optimal in non-obese patients. LDL-C/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C were significantly higher and over the limit when assessing for atherogenic dyslipidemia. The number of patients at risk for cardiovascular events increases 2.5 folds in obese compared to non-obese. Measurement of waist circumference could be adopted as a simpler valid alternative to BMI for health promotion, to alert those at risk of atherogenic dyslipidemia.

Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds of 'Fresh Garlic' and 'Black Garlic' through In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion.

Numerous studies have reported health benefits associated with the consumption of fresh and black garlic, which are characterized by the presence of polyphenols and organosulfur compounds (OS). This study aims to analyze the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds in fresh and black garlic after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion by monitoring the individual profile of these compounds by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Polyphenols decreased from the beginning of the digestive process, is mainly affected during intestinal digestion. Regarding the OS, the S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine (SACs) derivatives were more influenced by the acidic conditions of the gastric digestion, while the γ-glutamyl-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine (GSAk) derivatives were more susceptible to intestinal digestion conditions in both the fresh and black garlic samples. In conclusion, after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the compounds with the highest bioaccessibility were vanillic acid (69%), caffeic acid (52%), γ-glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (GSMCS) (77%), and S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine (SAMC) (329%) in fresh garlic. Meanwhile, in black garlic, the main bioaccessible compounds were caffeic acid (65%), GSMCS (89%), methionine sulfoxide (262%), trans-S-(1-propenyl)-L-cysteine (151%), and SAMC (106%). The treatment (heating + humidity) to obtain black garlic exerted a positive effect on the bioaccessibility of OS compounds, 55.3% of them remaining available in black garlic, but only 15% in fresh garlic. Polyphenols showed different behavior regarding bioaccessibility.

Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycaemic Effect of Wholemeal Bread with Amaranth (Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell.) on Sprague Dawley Rats.

The effect of consuming breads made with wheat flour and Amaranth (Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell.) wholemeal flour on Sprague Dawley rats with hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia induced through feeding was studied. Four diets were provided: control (CD: Ratarina®), commercial bread (CBD), bread with 100 g·kg-1 (ABD10) and 200 g·kg-1 (ABD20) amaranth flour. Zoometric and blood chemistry parameters were measured before and after consuming the diets. A completely random factorial design of 2 × 4 × 2 was used. The factors were blood lipids and glucose level (normal, N and elevated, E), diet (CD, CBD, ABD10 and ABD20) and sex (female, F and male, M). The rats consuming ABD10 and ABD20 diets presented the lowest glucose values, although with no differences (p > 0.05) between the groups of elevated blood lipids and glucose rats (E). Triglyceride concentrations decreased in ABD10 and ABD20 treatments in comparison with CD, elevated blood lipids and glucose (E) rats, while ABD10 rats showed lower total cholesterol level than normal (N) rats. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values increased in the ABD10 and ABD20 groups (p < 0.05), while it did lower for very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiac risk index (p < 0.05). In ABD10 and ABD20 treatments, the abdominal circumference decreased in both sexes (p < 0.05) between weeks 23 and 31. In conclusion, consumption of bread with amaranth improved lipid profiles of rats and could help to prevent metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of an mHealth Intervention Using a Pedometer App With Full In-Person Counseling on Body Composition of Overweight Adults: Randomized Controlled Weight Loss Trial.

BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, it is difficult to convey the benefits of sustained physical activity to adult patients with excess weight or obesity. For this purpose, a goal-setting walking prescription may be an effective strategy. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the intervention of a pedometer app in setting a goal to reach 10,000 steps per day in adults. METHODS: Overweight adults (n=98; mean body mass index 32.53 [SD 4.92] kg/m2) were randomized to one of two conditions (control or intervention). Both groups downloaded a pedometer app that recorded their daily step counts and were given a daily walking goal of 10,000 steps. Subjects participated in a 24-week in-person behavioral weight control program and were asked to monitor their daily levels using the pedometer app. Baseline data were recorded and followed up weekly. Only the intervention group had structured information delivery, a personalized physical activity prescription, and follow-up on number of steps per day. RESULTS: The results show that regardless of sex or age, prescribing walking increased the number of steps per day by 4806 step on average (standardized ß coefficient=-0.813, SE=427.586, t=-11.242, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results could have implications for improving self-monitoring in overweight adults during periods of weight loss. Health professionals should analyze the implementation of tools that permit them to prescribe, follow up, and encourage the achievement of a goal of physical activity in overweight or obese patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03845478; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03845478.

Effects of Self-Weighing During Weight Loss Treatment: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of self-weighing for weight loss in men for 6 months. METHODS: In the present study, 54 men, mean age of 40.1 ± 11.1 years, with overweight or obesity, were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: control group (CG), without weight self-monitoring and intervention group (IG), with weight self-monitoring. Both groups received the same nutritional and educational advice and the establishment of a weight target to reach in the weight loss program. Subjects of IG also had individualized motivating content to improve self-management for 24 weeks. Anthropometric indices were measured at baseline and weekly for 24 weeks. RESULTS: When the group assigned after randomization was introduced in the analysis, its influence was significant in weight loss (F1.52 = 19.465, ± 2 = 0.272, p < 0.001) and in the decrease in body fat percentage (F1.52 = 8,306, ± 2 = 0.132, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Study results indicate that self-weighing can help patients to lose additional weight. Our findings have implications in the emerging area of the behavioral approach of patients undergoing weight-loss treatment, as well as clinical care processes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04032249.

Push Notifications From a Mobile App to Improve the Body Composition of Overweight or Obese Women: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Technology-in particular, access to the Internet from a mobile device-has forever changed the way we relate to others and how we behave in our daily life settings. In recent years, studies have been carried out to analyze the effectiveness of different actions via mobile phone in the field of health: telephone calls, short message service (SMS), telemedicine, and, more recently, the use of push notifications. We have continued to explore ways to increase user interaction with mobile apps, one of the pending subjects in the area of mHealth. By analyzing the data produced by subjects during a clinical trial, we were able to extract behavior patterns and, according to them, design effective protocols in weight loss programs. OBJECTIVE: A clinical trial was proposed to (1) evaluate the efficacy of push notifications in an intervention aimed at improving the body composition of adult women who are overweight or obese, through a dietary procedure, and (2) analyze the evolution of body composition based on push notifications and prescribed physical activity (PA). METHODS: A two-arm randomized controlled trial was carried out. A sample size of 117 adult obese women attended a face-to-face, 30-minute consultation once a week for 6 months. All patients were supplied with an app designed for this study and a pedometer. The control group did not have access to functionalities related to the self-monitoring of weight at home, gamification, or prescription of PA. The intervention group members were assigned objectives to achieve a degree of compliance with diet and PA through exclusive access to specific functionalities of the app and push notifications. The same diet was prescribed for all patients. Three possible PA scenarios were studied for both the control and intervention groups: light physical activity (LPA), moderate physical activity (MPA), and intense physical activity (IPA). For the analysis of three or more means, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated means was performed to evaluate the effects of the intervention at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Receiving notifications during the intervention increased body fat loss (mean -12.9% [SD 6.7] in the intervention group vs mean -7.0% [SD 5.7] in the control group; P<.001) and helped to maintain muscle mass (mean -0.8% [SD 4.5] in the intervention group vs mean -3.2% [SD 2.8] in the control group; P<.018). These variations between groups led to a nonsignificant difference in weight loss (mean -7.9 kg [SD 3.9] in the intervention group vs mean -7.1 kg [SD 3.4] in the control group; P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: Push notifications have proven effective in the proposed weight loss program, leading women who received them to achieve greater loss of fat mass and a maintenance or increase of muscle mass, specifically among those who followed a program of IPA. Future interventions should include a longer evaluation period; the impact of different message contents, as well as message delivery times and frequency, should also be researched. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03911583; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03911583.

Changes in the antioxidant activity and metabolite profile of three onion varieties during the elaboration of 'black onion'.

This study aims to investigate whether the heat treatment applied during the production of black onion, a novel derived product made from fresh onion, produces changes in the content of flavonoids, organosulfur compounds, organic acids, water soluble sugars and amino acids in three onion varieties ('Shallot', 'Chata' and 'Echalion'). The total flavonoid content decreased up to 12-fold in black onions compared with fresh onions while the quantities of isoalliin, the main organosulfur compound in black onions, drastically increased during the process. Moreover, the levels of fructose and glucose significantly increased during the elaboration process, contributing to the sweetness of black onions. The influence of heating on their antioxidant capacity showed a decreasing trend of the ORAC antioxidant activity of onion, while ABTS and DPPH did not show a clear tendency. These results present a comprehensive phytochemical characterization of black onions, highlighting the significant influence of the heating process on their phytochemical composition.

Perfil sociodemográfico, económico y nutricional de una aldea de pescadores en las Dependencias Federales Venezolanas / Sociodemographic, economic and nutritional profile of a fishing village in the Venezuelan Federal Dependencies

INTRODUCCIÓN: como actividad económica la pesca desempeña un papel relevante en la eliminación del hambre, el fomento de la salud y la reducción de la pobreza, elementos muy importantes para la conformación de sistemas agroalimentarios-nutricionales seguros y soberanos. Los pescadores se enfrentan a unas condiciones laborales extremadamente exigentes y complejas con grandes exigencias físicas para faenar, lo que supondría un adecuado estado nutricional y de salud en general como requisito para poder desempeñar actividades de alto gasto calórico diario y continúo. OBJETIVO: evaluar las condiciones de vida, así como el estado nutricional de los pobladores de una aldea de pescadores en la isla de La Borracha, Dependencias Federales, Venezuela. MÉTODO: se estudiaron las 37 familias que a través de una encuesta estructurada informaron datos sociodemográficos y socioeconómicos que caracterizan la comunidad. El diagnóstico antropométrico se hizo en niños a través de la combinación de indicadores (Peso/Edad, Peso/Talla y Talla/Edad), en adolescentes se utilizó el índice de masa corporal, y en adultos se diagnosticó el riesgo cardiometabolico a partir del perimetro de cintura. Los datos dietéticos se recabaron a través del Método de Frecuencia Cualitativa de Consumo de Alimentos. RESULTADOS: aunque pertenecen al sector productivo primario periurbano, la comunidad no evidenció alimentarse mejor que la población de otros sectores económicos o espacios urbanos; conviviendo en ella tanto el déficit nutricional en niños como el sobrepeso entre los residentes adultos. CONCLUSIONES: la comunidad de pescadores subsiste de una manera precaria en la isla de La Borracha, conservando una estructura de su dieta y patrones culturales característicos que representan un desafío para promover una alimentación adecuada y un estilo de vida más saludable a través de un programa de educación nutricional

INTRODUCTION: as an economic activity, fishing plays a relevant role in the elimination of hunger, the promotion of health and the reduction of poverty, very important elements for the formation of safe and sovereign agri-food-nutritional systems. Fishermen face extremely demanding and complex working conditions with great physical demands to fish, which would be an adequate nutritional state and general health as a requirement to be able to carry out activities of high daily and continuous caloric expenditure. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the living conditions as well as the nutritional status of the inhabitants of a fishing village on the island of La Borracha, Federal Dependencies, Venezuela. METHOD: the 37 families that through a structured survey reported sociodemographic and socioeconomic data that characterize the community were studied. Anthropometric diagnosis was made in children through the combination of indicators (Weight / Age, Weight / Height and Height / Height), in adolescents, the body mass index was used, and in adults, cardiometabolic risk was diagnosed from the perimeter waist. Dietary data was collected through the Qualitative Frequency Method of Food Consumption. RESULTS: Although they belong to the peri-urban primary productive sector, the community did not show that they feed better than the population of other economic sectors or urban spaces; both nutritional deficiency in children and overweight among adult residents coexist in it. CONCLUSIONS: the fishing community subsists in a precarious way on the island of La Borracha, conserving a diet structure and characteristic cultural patterns that represent a challenge to promote adequate food and a healthier lifestyle through an education program nutritional

Design and validation of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the nutritional evaluation of food intake in the Peruvian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are dietary surveys widely used in studies of nutritional epidemiology because they are inexpensive, easy to complete and provide significant information on dietary intake over a long period of time. FFQs should be written specifically for each study group since diet may be influenced by ethnicity, culture, economic status and environmental factors. The aim of the authors on this work was to design and validate a food frequency questionnaire for the Peruvian Amazon population. METHODS: Three hundred three individuals were selected and completed three 24-h recalls (R24). Two FFQs were conducted on two different occasions (FFQ.1 and FFQ.2). The validity of the FFQ was evaluated by comparing the relationship between the average daily nutrient intake estimated by the FFQs and that obtained by the three R24. The reproducibility was measured by comparing the mean nutrient intake of the two FFQs carried out. The correlations were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the Lin correlation coefficient (CCC) and the Bland-Altman plot. RESULTS: The results obtained to establish the validity showed a high correlation, with an average Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.70, a CCI of 0.65 and a CCC of 0.60. Approximately 60% of the nutrients had a CCC above 0.60. In terms of reproducibility, better results were obtained, with an average Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.67, 0.64 for CCI and 0.58 for CCC. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation coefficients show good validity and reproducibility, and therefore, the FFQ we have developed may be considered a useful and valid tool to estimate the dietary intake of the Peruvian Amazon population.

Efecto de factores contextuales en la composición corporal de jugadores profesionales de fútbol. Un estudio retrospectivo / Effect of contextual factors on body composition in professional soccer players. A retrospective study

La exigencia de las demandas físicas en el fútbol ha evolucionado en los últimos años, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad de investigar sobre aquellos aspectos que condicionan el rendimiento deportivo. Es por esto que el objetivo de este estudio fue describir la incidencia del entrenamiento individualizado, la compañía en las comidas, la raza y la demarcación sobre las variables antropométricas en jugadores de fútbol profesional. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio retrospectivo sobre 51 jugadores profesionales de la Segunda División B española durante las temporadas de 2015/2016, 2016/2017 y 2017/2018. La valoración antropométrica se realizó bajo las normas técnicas de medición recomendadas por el International Working Group of Kinanthropometry, adoptadas por la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Los resultados revelaron que el entrenamiento individualizado y la compañía en las comidas fueron los factores que más influyeron sobre las variables antropométricas. Los valores de masa grasa y de masa muscular, y el sumatorio de pliegues son sensibles al efecto de la intervención sobre dichos factores. Los mayores niveles de interacción se producen entre la compañía en las comidas y el entrenamiento individualizado, y entre la demarcación y la compañía en las comidas. Considerando la composición corporal como un aspecto a tener en cuenta en el desarrollo del rendimiento, se concluye que la aplicación de ciertos contenidos del entrenamiento según las características individuales y el estilo de vida de los jugadores es un factor que posee una influencia significativa sobre los futbolistas profesionales

The requirements of physical demands in soccer have evolved in recent years, determining the need to investigate those aspects that condition athletic performance. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of individualized training, company at meals, race, and demarcation on the anthropometric variables of professional soccer players since these four factors affect body composition, which is considered a predictor of performance and an indicator of lifestyle in these individuals. For this purpose, a retrospective study was developed in 51 professional players of the Spanish Football League Second Division B during the 2015/2016, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018 seasons. The anthropometric assessment was carried out under the technical standards of measurement recommended by the International Working Group of Kinanthropometry, adopted by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The results revealed that individualized training and company during meals were the factors that most influence exerted on the anthropometric variables that were collected. The values of fat mass and muscle mass, and the sum of fold measurements are sensitive to the effect of the intervention with these factors. The highest levels of interaction occurred between company during the meals and individualized training, and between demarcation and company during the meals. Considering body composition as an aspect to be taken into account in the development of performance, it should be considered that the application of certain training contents according to the individual characteristics and lifestyle of players are factors that may have a significant influence on professional soccer players

[Effect of contextual factors in body composition of professional soccer players. A retrospective study]. / Efecto de factores contextuales en la composición corporal de jugadores profesionales de fútbol. Un estudio retrospectivo.

INTRODUCTION: The requirements of physical demands in soccer have evolved in recent years, determining the need to investigate those aspects that condition athletic performance. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of individualized training, company at meals, race, and demarcation on the anthropometric variables of professional soccer players since these four factors affect body composition, which is considered a predictor of performance and an indicator of lifestyle in these individuals. For this purpose, a retrospective study was developed in 51 professional players of the Spanish Football League Second Division B during the 2015/2016, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018 seasons. The anthropometric assessment was carried out under the technical standards of measurement recommended by the International Working Group of Kinanthropometry, adopted by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The results revealed that individualized training and company during meals were the factors that most influence exerted on the anthropometric variables that were collected. The values of fat mass and muscle mass, and the sum of fold measurements are sensitive to the effect of the intervention with these factors. The highest levels of interaction occurred between company during the meals and individualized training, and between demarcation and company during the meals. Considering body composition as an aspect to be taken into account in the development of performance, it should be considered that the application of certain training contents according to the individual characteristics and lifestyle of players are factors that may have a significant influence on professional soccer players.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La exigencia de las demandas físicas en el fútbol ha evolucionado en los últimos años, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad de investigar sobre aquellos aspectos que condicionan el rendimiento deportivo. Es por esto que el objetivo de este estudio fue describir la incidencia del entrenamiento individualizado, la compañía en las comidas, la raza y la demarcación sobre las variables antropométricas en jugadores de fútbol profesional. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio retrospectivo sobre 51 jugadores profesionales de la Segunda División B española durante las temporadas de 2015/2016, 2016/2017 y 2017/2018. La valoración antropométrica se realizó bajo las normas técnicas de medición recomendadas por el International Working Group of Kinanthropometry, adoptadas por la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Los resultados revelaron que el entrenamiento individualizado y la compañía en las comidas fueron los factores que más influyeron sobre las variables antropométricas. Los valores de masa grasa y de masa muscular, y el sumatorio de pliegues son sensibles al efecto de la intervención sobre dichos factores. Los mayores niveles de interacción se producen entre la compañía en las comidas y el entrenamiento individualizado, y entre la demarcación y la compañía en las comidas. Considerando la composición corporal como un aspecto a tener en cuenta en el desarrollo del rendimiento, se concluye que la aplicación de ciertos contenidos del entrenamiento según las características individuales y el estilo de vida de los jugadores es un factor que posee una influencia significativa sobre los futbolistas profesionales.

Analysis of the Acid Detergent Fibre Content in Turnip Greens and Turnip Tops (Brassica rapa L. Subsp. rapa) by Means of Near-Infrared Reflectance.

Standard wet chemistry analytical techniques currently used to determine plant fibre constituents are costly, time-consuming and destructive. In this paper the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyse the contents of acid detergent fibre (ADF) in turnip greens and turnip tops has been assessed. Three calibration equations were developed: in the equation without mathematical treatment the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.91, in the first-derivative treatment equation R2 = 0.95 and in the second-derivative treatment R2 = 0.96. The estimation accuracy was based on RPD (the ratio between the standard deviation and the standard error of validation) and RER (the ratio between the range of ADF of the validation as a whole and the standard error of prediction) of the external validation. RPD and RER values were of 2.75 and 9.00 for the treatment without derivative, 3.41 and 11.79 with first-derivative, and 3.10 and 11.03 with second-derivative. With the acid detergent residue spectrum the wavelengths were identified and associated with the ADF contained in the sample. The results showed a great potential of NIRS for predicting ADF content in turnip greens and turnip tops.

Influence of Variety and Storage Time of Fresh Garlic on the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Black Garlic.

Black garlic is made from the fresh kind, submitting it to a controlled temperature (~65 °C) and humidity (>85 °C) for a prolonged period of time. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in the process and in the final product as a result of employing three garlic varieties (Spanish Roja, Chinese Spring and California White), and to check the influence of the storage time on fresh garlic in the quality of the final product by using garlic obtained in two different agricultural seasons, that of the current year (2014) and of the previous one (2013). The results revealed some differences in the parameters analysed during the manufacturing of the black garlic from the three varieties used, and even according to the harvest in question. However, when comparing initial and final values of the samples, a very similar evolution in their acidity, reducing sugars, °Brix, pH, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity was noted.

[Food model in western Andalusia]. / Modelo alimentario en Andalucía occidental.

INTRODUCTION: As is known, the type and amount of food consumption determine the nutritional composition of the diet. A healthy nutritional composition plays an essential role in the prevention of diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity. Regarding overweight and obesity, its prevalence has increased in recent years in our country and more markedly in Andalusia, reaching quite worrying figures, due to unfavorable changes in lifestyle and nutrition. In Andalusia, food consumption figures are lower than national ones and this contrasts with the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in this Community. In addition, the sale of soft drinks in Andalusia are higher than the national average and sedentary lifestyle is higher. Among the strengths of the food model in western Andalusia, it is worth mentioning the follow-up of a model more adjusted to the Mediterranean diet by women and the elderly. There is a tendency to abandon the Mediterranean diet among the youngest and low socio-economic levels. On the nutritional profile, the lipids (39.1%) exceed the recommendations at the expense of carbohydrates, the consumption of saturated fatty acids (11.3%) exceeds the recommendations and the intakes of zinc and folic acid do not reach the values recommended. In general terms, there is an abandonment, fundamentally on the part of the youngest people of the typical foods of the Mediterranean diet.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Como es sabido, el tipo y la cantidad de consumo de alimentos determinan la composición nutricional de la dieta. A su vez, una saludable composición nutricional desempeña un papel esencial en la prevención de enfermedades como las cardiovasculares, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la obesidad. En cuanto al sobrepeso y a la obesidad, su prevalencia ha ido aumentando en los últimos años en nuestro país, y de forma más marcada en Andalucía, hasta alcanzar cifras bastante preocupantes debido a los cambios desfavorables en el estilo de vida y en la alimentación. En Andalucía se observan cifras de consumo de alimentos inferiores a las nacionales, lo que contrasta con la mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en esta comunidad. Además, las cifras de venta de bebidas refrescantes y de gaseosas en Andalucía son superiores a la media nacional, y el sedentarismo es elevado. Entre las fortalezas del modelo alimentario en Andalucía occidental cabe destacar el seguimiento de un modelo más ajustado a la dieta mediterránea por parte de las mujeres y las personas mayores. Se tiende al abandono de la dieta mediterránea entre los más jóvenes y en los niveles socioeconómicos más desfavorecidos. Sobre el perfil nutricional, los lípidos (39,1 %) superan las recomendaciones a expensas de los hidratos de carbono, el consumo de ácidos grasos saturados (11,3%) también supera las recomendaciones y las ingestas de zinc y ácido fólico no alcanzan los valores recomendados. En términos generales se observa un abandono, fundamentalmente por parte de las personas más jóvenes, de los alimentos típicos de la dieta mediterránea.

[Gastronomic, food and nutritional aspects of oriental Andalusia]. / Aspectos gastronómicos, alimenticios y nutricionales de Andalucía oriental.

INTRODUCTION: Eastern Andalusia, is also named Highland Andalusia, because the elevated orography of the Betics mountain range, with the highest Iberian Peninsula summits. This region arose with the division of the Spanish territory by provinces and currently includes Almeria, Granada, Jaen. You should only stop and look into the bottom of our cooking pots to find the syncretism of the three monotheistic religions, Christianity, Jewish and Muslin, which mixed parties of each one with meals of the others, thus allowing the globalization of their gastronomies that remained until nowadays and makes difficult to find the actual origin of a particular meal recipe. Modern cooking tries to find the fusion between tastes and ingredients of traditional cooking with current knowledge and technology. The geographic and climate diversities in Eastern Andalusia are proportional to its pantry, which in turn is the source of its meal recipes. The population of Eastern Andalusia is moving away of the Mediterranean pattern and getting closer to the developed Western countries diet. This trend to decrease the consumption of proprietary Mediterranean foods seems to be maintained in the last years although some of them start to recover. In addition, some food groups e.g. meat and meat derivatives, pastries and sweets, with actual elevated consumption, tend to be moderated. The current food pattern for the whole Spanish population, as well as for Eastern Andalusia, is compatible with high intakes of saturated fat, and total and free sugars, and low intakes of fiber in a high percentage of the Spanish population as reported by the ANIBES study.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Andalucía oriental se denomina Alta Andalucía por la elevada orografía de las cordilleras Béticas con las cumbres peninsulares más altas. Surge con la segmentación de España en provincias, e incluye Almería, Granada, Jaén y Málaga. Solo hay que detenerse en el fondo de nuestras ollas para encontrarnos el sincretismo de las tres grandes religiones monoteístas (árabe, judía y cristiana) que mezcló las fiestas de una con las comidas de otra y permitió la universalización de sus gastronomías; un sincretismo que ha llegado hasta hoy y hace difícil conocer el origen de una u otra receta. La cocina busca hoy la fusión entre el sabor y los ingredientes de la cocina tradicional con el saber y la técnica de la cocina moderna. La diversidad geográfica y climática de Andalucía oriental es proporcional a su despensa, y esta es la que surte su recetario. La población de Andalucía oriental se aparta del patrón mediterráneo y se acerca a la dieta global de los países desarrollados de Occidente. Esta tendencia a disminuir el consumo de alimentos propios de patrón mediterráneo parece mantenerse, aunque se observa una disminución en la caída de alguno de ellos. Además, el consumo elevado de grupos como el de carnes y derivados, bollería, dulces y azúcar tiende a moderarse. El patrón actual es compatible ­como pone de manifiesto el estudio ANIBES­ con unas ingestas elevadas de grasa saturada y total y de azúcares y una baja ingesta de fibra en un porcentaje importante de la población en España y, por tanto, en Andalucía.